Esta investigación reconoce la paz como un escenario en el que el conflicto está presente y en el que las diferentes posiciones deben aprender a convivir. Para ello, se plantea la pregunta: ¿Cómo se han transformado las prácticas pedagógicas de docentes y profesores en los últimos 20 años para la reconstrucción del tejido social en territorios afectados por el conflicto armado en Colombia? Estas prácticas buscan mediar las relaciones entre los individuos y sus tensiones, enseñando resiliencia y la capacidad de (...) mitigar los efectos negativos que las expresiones de violencia pueden tener en el desarrollo de los jóvenes que viven en este contexto. (shrink)

A general mathematical framework, based on countable partitions of Natural Numbers [1], is presented, that allows to provide a Semantics to propositional languages. It has the particularity of allowing both the valuations and the interpretation Sets for the connectives to discriminate complexity of the formulas. This allows different adequacy criteria to be used to assess formulas associated with the same connective, but that differ in their complexity. The presented method can be adapted potentially infinite number of connectives and truth values, (...) therefore, it can be considered a general framework to provide semantics to several of the known logic systems (eg, LC, L3 LP, FDE). The presented semantics allow to converge to different standard semantics if the separation complexity procedure is annulled. Therefore, it can be understood as a framework that allows greater precision (in complexity terms) with respect to formula satisfaction. Naturally, because of how it is built, it can be incorporated into non-deterministic semantics. The presented procedure also allows generating valuations that grant a different truth value to each formula of propositional language. As a positive side effect, our method allows a constructive proof of the equipotence between N and N^n for all Natural n. (shrink)

The main objective of this study is to identify the socioemotional competencies of adolescents in secondary education who are currently in the first grade of secondary school (school year 2022-2023), which contribute to a better interaction with their peers and environment, in addition to preventing possible risk behaviors. It will be approached from a quantitative approach, with a descriptive scope. The sample consists of 19 students from a private institution, located in the municipality of Guadalupe, Zac. A questionnaire called emociogram (...) was applied through the Habilmind platform, to identify the main characteristics regarding the emotional scale, which in turn is composed of five subscales such as: empathy, assertiveness, interpersonal emotional regulation, teamwork and conflict resolution. The results show us some areas of opportunity that should be emphasized in order to improve the results and thus improve the socioemotional competencies of adolescents. (shrink)

This article deals with a modern disease of academic science that consists of an enormous increase in the number of scientific publications without a corresponding advance of knowledge. Findings are sliced as thin as salami and submitted to different journals to produce more papers. If we consider academic papers as a kind of scientific ‘currency’ that is backed by gold bullion in the central bank of ‘true’ science, then we are witnessing an article-inflation phenomenon, a scientometric bubble that is most (...) harmful for science and promotes an unethical and antiscientific culture among researchers. The main problem behind the scenes is that the impact factor is used as a proxy for quality. Therefore, not only for convenience, but also based on ethical principles of scientific research, we adhere to the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment when it emphasizes “the need to eliminate the use of journal-based metrics in funding, appointment and promotion considerations; and the need to assess research on its own merits rather on the journal in which the research is published”. Our message is mainly addressed to the funding agencies and universities that award tenures or grants and manage research programmes, especially in developing countries. The message is also addressed to well-established scientists who have the power to change things when they participate in committees for grants and jobs. (shrink)

To organise future behaviour, it is important to remember both the central and contextual aspects of a situation. We examined the impact of contextual threat or safety, learned through verbal instructions, on face identity recognition. In two studies (N = 140), 72 face–context compounds were presented each once within an encoding session, and an unexpected item/source recognition task was performed afterwards (including 24 new faces). Hierarchical multinomial processing tree modelling served to estimate individual parameters of item (face identity) and source (...) memory (threat or safety context) as well as guessing behaviour. Results show that language was highly effective in establishing threatening and safe context conditions. In Study 1, a fleeting picture stream (1 s per picture) led to poor item and source recognition. Prolonged presentation times (Study 2 with 6 s per picture) improved face memory but no contextual modulation was observed. Thus, incidental face learning was surprisingly poor and rapidly changing contextual settings might have interfered with the accurate encoding of face identity information and item–source binding. (shrink)

En este trabajo realizamos una revisión historiográfica sobre la fabricación de anatomías artificiales que fueron ampliamente demandadas como herramientas didácticas en la enseñanza de la naturaleza, entre finales del siglo XVIII y principios del XX. Se analizan los contextos educativos y sociales que favorecieron la amplia difusión de este tipo de artefactos en el comercio de la cultura científica, y se describen las técnicas de manufactura. Se concluye que estos artefactos, fruto del ingenio humano, son fuentes materiales de extraordinario valor (...) para comprender la construcción y evolución de la ciencia, los avances en los recursos pedagógicos y las innovaciones tecnológicas. (shrink)

In this paper we discuss Ned Hall's critique of David Lewis's counterfactual theory of causation, in particular for its alleged inability to account for cases of double prevention. To do so, we focus on Pablo Melogno's response to Hall, where he claims that Hall's proposed tension between the concept of dependence and the locality thesis in cases of double prevention is the effect of the omission of essential details to complete the causal chain in the examples used by Hall. Here (...) we propose to take a further step in the defense of the counterfactual theory begun by Melogno, by reviewing the examples proposed by Hall, the modifications complexified by Melogno and the corollaries that follow from them, and proposing some relevant conceptual extensions to the ideas of the three authors. (shrink)

An l-hemi-implicative semilattice is an algebra $$\mathbf {A} = $$ A= such that $$$$ is a semilattice with a greatest element 1 and satisfies: for every $$a,b,c\in A$$ a,b,c∈A, $$a\le b\rightarrow c$$ a≤b→c implies $$a\wedge b \le c$$ a∧b≤c and $$a\rightarrow a = 1$$ a→a=1. An l-hemi-implicative semilattice is commutative if if it satisfies that $$a\rightarrow b = b\rightarrow a$$ a→b=b→a for every $$a,b\in A$$ a,b∈A. It is shown that the class of l-hemi-implicative semilattices is a variety. These algebras provide (...) a general framework for the study of different algebras of interest in algebraic logic. In any l-hemi-implicative semilattice it is possible to define an derived operation by $$a \sim b := \wedge $$ a∼b:=∧. Endowing $$$$ with the binary operation $$\sim $$ ∼ the algebra $$$$ results an l-hemi-implicative semilattice, which also satisfies the identity $$a \sim b = b \sim a$$ a∼b=b∼a. In this article, we characterize the commutative l-hemi-implicative semilattices. We also provide many new examples of l-hemi-implicative semilattice on any semillatice with greatest element. Finally, we characterize congruences on the classes of l-hemi-implicative semilattices introduced earlier and we characterize the principal congruences of l-hemi-implicative semilattices. (shrink)

The theme of the sickness of the soul is in the mind of late antique Christian philosopher, Evagrius of Pontus, a frontier topic between the two major thematic areas in which his work can be divided: the psycho-spiritual and metaphysics. Reflect and try to define the origin and status of disease in Evagrio implies, in effect, pay attention to a transversal topic of his work: the ignorance. The consideration of this psycho-spiritual condition, it is necessary to achieve a coherent conceptual (...) definition of the concept of disease in Evagrius. Similarly, understanding how the ignorance is the source of passionate disorder that operates in the states of mental imbalance, implies considering their causal link with immoderate love of self or philautia. In the scheme evagriano the philautia is, in turn, the common origin of evil and destabilizing thoughts that are the characteristic cognitive activity of the disease state and that Evagrius calls logismoi. (shrink)

Resumo: O artigo examina os estudos contemporâneos na tentativa de uma convergência teórica entre a psicanálise lacaniana e a filosofia nietzschiana. São avaliadas as principais posições, ideias e argumentos desta bolsa. Ao fazê-lo, o problema filosófico que surge imediatamente diz respeito à própria possibilidade de tal diálogo teórico. A tese a ser desenvolvida é que semelhanças superficiais obscurecem divergências teóricas centrais e até mesmo ontológicas. Assim, além do exame crítico da literatura mencionada, o objetivo do artigo é iluminar essas tensões (...) na medida em que elas obstruem as simples articulações entre Nietzsche e Lacan. Seguindo as semelhanças entre ambas as perspectivas teóricas, o artigo passa das semelhanças meramente superficiais para as semelhanças mais fortes entre a vontade de poder, o desejo inconsciente e o gozo, depois entre o niilismo e o gozo e, finalmente, entre as próprias lógicas do ressentimento e da repressão. A cada passo, o artigo mostra que as semelhanças são bastante insuficientes, na medida em que são sustentadas em pressupostos jamais questionados. O paradigmático: a ideia de que Nietzsche já é um lacaniano avant la lettre. (shrink)

Some partitions of Natural Number set are built through recursive processesgenerating in this manner countable examples of countable and disjoint sets whose unionis a set also countable. This process is constructive, so the Axiom of choice is not used.We provide a PC program that generates one of these special partitions and shows howto generate infinite of them. This line of reasoning can have multiple applications in Settheory and Model theory. We proved that the number of ways to make these partitionsof (...) natural numbers is not countable, there are more of these partitions (named doublycountable) than natural numbers. For each natural number greater than 1, we show aneffective procedure that generates these partitions -/- . (shrink)

In two experiments on analogical hypothesis generation, we factorially manipulated the presence of domain and object similarities between a base situation and a target phenomenon, and assessed their effects on the transfer of the source’s explanatory structure before and after an indication to use the base analog as a source for analogical explanations. The absence of any kind of surface similarity led to very low rates of spontaneous transfer. In both experiments, however, either kind of surface similarity sufficed to enhance (...) the spontaneous transfer of the base explanation during the formulation of plausible hypotheses for the target. The transfer advantage of object and domain similarity cannot be attributed to the effect of these variables on post-access processes, since experimental conditions did not differ with regard to the ability to transfer the base explanation upon explicit request. The effect of domain similarity on spontaneous analogical explanation constitutes a relevant finding, especially given the lack of attention received by this dimension of similarity in behavioural studies and computer simulations of analogical retrieval. (shrink)

El principal objetivo de este estudio consiste en dar cuenta de cómo se enmarca la forma de tratamiento nominal marico en el habla de jóvenes universitarios de Caracas, Venezuela, dentro de la Teoría de la cortesía, según la perspectiva ofrecida por los hablantes. Igualmente, se busca documentar qué cambios está presentando en los contextos de uso así como en sus funciones pragmáticas. Los participantes fueron 60 estudiantes universitarios, 30 mujeres y 30 hombres, de 17 a 21 años. Tradicionalmente, la palabra (...) marico se ha usado como agresión verbal vulgar y ha sido, generalmente, considerada un insulto. Luego del análisis cualitativo de los datos, se plantea que esta FTN se halla en una fase de transición de insulto a marcador pragmático anticortés que indica solidaridad dentro de un grupo etario específico y está perdiendo su carácter agraviador. En la actualidad, la juventud caraqueña emplea esta FTN no solo para implicar lazos de amistad, sino para expresar emociones como sorpresa y enojo, crear efectos de intriga, hacer bromas, abrir y cerrar oraciones e, incluso, sustituir otras FTN que nunca han sido consideradas insultos en el español de Venezuela. La metodología empleada fue el cuestionario y el análisis cualitativo de reportes en primera persona. Las variables de edad y sexo son factores determinantes, puesto que parece haber tendencia entre los jóvenes entrevistados a no emplear esta forma nominal con hablantes que están fuera de su grupo etario y las mujeres siguen siendo conservadoras al restringir, más que los hombres, el uso de este vocablo. (shrink)

La relación entre lengua y sexualidad recién ha comenzado a cobrar importancia dentro de los estudios socioculturales. Este trabajo explora las distintas pistas lingüísticas encriptadas en el cuento La búsqueda de Elizabeth, de Marta Pessarrodona, para desenmascarar la velada identidad sexual del personaje central. Un análisis referente al proceso de reconocimiento, búsqueda y aceptación de una identidad sexual no canónica de la protagonista validará los cuatro principios propuestos por Bucholtz y Hall : afloramiento, indexicalidad, relacionalidad y parcialidad.

Recensión de M. J. Falcón y Tella, La desobediencia civil, Marcial Pons, Madrid, 2000.

The aim of this paper is to present the close connection which can be established between the notion of mode of presentation (Frege) and ground (Peirce) in order to show that they are used to explain why signs can give us knowledge –nonconventional knowledge– about the world.

True enough, not many of the human lot we know, not least of all thosewe may chance upon in life in an intricate tangle of modern socialformations where individuals get to interface rather unreflectively mostof the time, would be so generous as to bestow a casual interest in philosophy. Two thousand years ago, this kind of antipathy toward philosophy made its point well when a man named Socrates was condemned to death, proof rather of the unchanging isometrics of equivocation in (...) the face of the compelling demands of justice and truth that Socrates exposed to be the skeleton in the cupboard of power, hiding under the façade of indestructibility. This pervasive practice would have by now covered an entire époque of Western intellectualtradition from the death of Socrates to the contemporary, disguised asunwavering love of everything that abounds in beauty and vitality, adetermined search for the fundament that holds everything together under the condition that Man is free and that Life is precious as too rich and valuable for the taking. (shrink)

Martin Heidegger and Immanuel Kant - two important pillars of contemporary philosophy-were proficient critics of traditional metaphysics in their time. They were known to be critical of a sort of metaphysical striving predisposed to grounding or representing an elusive concept of the universal.. Kant had earlier deconstructed a pre-eminent feature of Western metaphysics, namely, the socalled essence of thing, had it consigned to the noumenon evocative of the paradoxical nature of human knowing: it regulates the boundaries according to which any (...) notion of the infinite, the universal or the absolute can be reflexively thematized, or, thus strategically said, problematized. (shrink)

This article tries to establish the scopes and limits of the main interpretations on Newton during the 20th century, highlighting on the one hand the textual evidence at disposal, and on the other hand the philosophical and epistemological currents that defines the main features of those interpretations. It will be shown that the rejection of positivism is not sufficient condition for establishing an adequate interpretation and, together with the strengthening of the research from Newton’s manuscript, it is necessary a wider, (...) and more detailed model that those established by some of the most outstanding scholars like Alexandre Koyré, I. Bernard Cohen, Betty Dobbs, and Richard Westfall. (shrink)

Despite a growing effort in recent years to theorize epistemic justice as a species of distributive justice from within a Rawlsian framework, there is as yet no well-worked out capabilities-based account. In this paper, we set out to provide one. According to our sufficientarian conception, epistemic justice requires a distribution of capabilities that ensures to all individuals opportunities for minimal epistemic agency, publicly conceived. We argue that this conception has advantages over existing resourcist accounts of distributive epistemic justice inspired by (...) Rawls as well as over Miranda Fricker’s tentative capabilities-based alternative. We contend that epistemic justice concerns a plurality of capabilities for epistemic agency, where the scope and nature of these capabilities is ultimately left open to discernment through public reasoning, but where equal emphasis is placed on contributing as well as retrieving epistemic goods and resources from common pools and on exerting combined capabilities as well as developing internal ones in the first place. (shrink)

En este texto reflexivo se compara algunos estados del arte sobre la didáctica y la enseñanza de la filosofía realizados fuera de Colombia en las últimas tres décadas. Después de la búsqueda en varias bases de datos y de consultar varios autores en el tema, solo se hallaron 8 estudios sistemáticos de revisión literatura: en Brasil, Estados Unidos, Francia, Nueva Zelanda e Inglaterra. El dato más relevante puede ser que en los textos hallados la didáctica de la filosofía no aparece (...) como categoría central en la reflexión e investigación sobre enseñanza de la filosofía. Asimismo, se ve claramente el interés de los pensadores anglófonos por la investigación empírica y cuantitativa sobre la filosofía para niños, sobre todo desde la perspectiva de Matthew Lipman, pero no la filosofía “tradicional” en la educación secundaria. Finalmente, parece que hace falta más investigación aplicada en centro y sur américa y más reflexión filosófica y pedagógica sobre la didáctica y enseñanza de la filosofía tradicional en los países anglófonos. (shrink)

This article sheds light on Hobbes’s concept of the state of nature through a reading of his conception of knowledge, which makes it possible to relate him with the ‘New Science’ or the Scientific Revolution. In consequence, this article describes Hobbes with some problems and traditions of the Scientific Revolution through a fresh reading of his theory of knowledge, whence the concept of the state of nature is redefined in terms of integral cause; this makes it possible to argue the (...) need for Commonwealth, excluding the anthropological pessimism traditionally attributed to Hobbes. (shrink)

This article provides an epistemological assessment of climate analogue methods, with specific reference to the use of spatial analogues in the study of the future climate of target locations. Our contention is that, due to formal and conceptual inadequacies of geometrical dissimilarity metrics and the loss of relevant information, especially when reasoning from the physical to the socio-economical level, purported inferences from climate analogues of the spatial kind we consider here prove limited in a number of ways. Indeed, we formulate (...) five outstanding problems concerning the search for best analogues, which we call the problem of non-uniqueness of the source, problem of non-uniqueness of the target, problem of average, problem of non-causal correlations and problem of inferred properties, respectively. In the face of such problems, we then offer two positive recommendations for a fruitful application of this methodology to the assessment of impact, adaptation and vulnerability studies of climate change, especially in the context of what we may prosaically dub “twin cities”. Arguably, such recommendations help decision-makers constrain the set of plausible climate analogues by integrating local knowledge relevant to the locations of interest. (shrink)

This essay discusses the aesthetic potential within Bernard Stiegler’s concept of technics, particularly its nascent or preactual form of realism. This realism fosters a sense of spontaneity, crucial to a modal engagement with time, being, and history in the face of contemporary planetary enframing. By critically appraising Stiegler’s framework, the essay proposes an aesthetics of care that aligns with restoring art’s primordial inhumanism. This stands in stark contrast to the inhumanism inherent in technological modernity. Reviving this aesthetics, a global challenge (...) that traverses East and West, might appear anachronistic. It proposes a return to the primordial integration of the human and inhuman, initially enshrined in art as technics (evident as far back as the Upper Paleolithic). Modern technology, however, severs the organological function of art from its foundational relation with humanity. In this dismemberment, a singular, immanent humanism emerges as the defining characteristic of modernity. This human becomes wholly accessible and subservient to technology, thus negating the reciprocal tension that defines their elemental and productive relationship, their original organology or how life at the time was intensively organized by this so-called tension. In conclusion, the essay advocates restoring this lost inhuman essence through a revitalized aesthetic sensibility that embraces an integral ecology as a countermeasure to stagnation and despair engendered by excessive human-centric enframing. (shrink)

The objective of this article is to show how some elements were applied in a project of empirical investigation of the denominated style of qualitative investigation called grounded theory. This denomination talks about to that the construction of theory is based on the empirical data that sustain it, following a procedure of inductive analysis.El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar cómo fueron aplicados en un proyecto de investigación concreto algunos elementos del estilo de investigación cualitativa denominado "teoría fundamentada" . Esta (...) denominación se refiere a que la construcción de teoría está basada en los datos empíricos que la sustentan, siguiendo un procedimiento de análisis inductivo. (shrink)

The article aimed to determine the relationship between neuroscience and emotional states in university faculty members from Latin America during the post-pandemic stage of COVID-19. It highlights the importance of understanding emotions from a neuroscientific perspective to develop strategies that enhance emotional management and resilience in the educational context. The descriptive-correlational research included a sample of 318 faculty members from various Latin American countries. The results revealed severe levels of stress (88.4%) and anxiety (92.1%), as well as inadequate (40.9%) or (...) moderate (46.9%) levels of resilience among the faculty members. A strong positive correlation was found between neuroscience and emotional states (rho=0.860), as well as a good positive correlation between neuroscience and resilience (rho=0.739). The study concludes that the knowledge and application of neuroscience principles could contribute to lower levels of stress and anxiety and increase resilience in university faculty members, emphasizing the importance of integrating these disciplines into the understanding and management of emotions in the educational field. (shrink)